What Is Red Seabream Iridovirus? Red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) is caused by red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Megalocytivirus within the family Iridoviridae. RSIV is a major cause of mortality in farmed red seabream (Pagrus major) and has been reported in many other marine…
Understanding Cortisol in Dogs Cortisol is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands. In normal dogs it supports blood pressure, energy balance, and the body’s response to inflammation. Cortisol also rises during stress, pain, and illness, which is why values can increase during travel, restraint, or a clinic visit.…
Overview The thyroid gland helps control a dog’s metabolic pace. It produces thyroxine (T4), which influences energy, weight, skin and coat quality, and body temperature. The pituitary gland releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to tell the thyroid how hard to work. When thyroid hormone drops, TSH often rises as the body…
Trichomonas foetus is a microscopic protozoan parasite that can affect different species in different ways. In cattle, it is best known for reducing reproductive performance through early pregnancy loss and infertility. In cats, it is an important cause of chronic large-bowel diarrhea, particularly in young animals and multi-cat environments. Because…
Babesiosis is a tick-borne disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Babesia. The parasites invade red blood cells and can trigger hemolytic anemia and systemic illness. Dogs are diagnosed more often, but cats can also be affected, especially in tick-endemic areas. Because early signs are non-specific, risk awareness and…
What It Is And How Cats Get Infected Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection caused by pathogenic Leptospira spp. Cats are exposed mainly through contact with urine contaminated water, soil, or surfaces, and through hunting or eating infected prey (especially rodents). Many infected cats remain subclinical, but they can still develop…
Understanding Theileria equi in Horses Theileria equi is a microscopic protozoan parasite that invades the red blood cells of horses, donkeys, and mules. The infection it causes is called equine piroplasmosis. Once inside the bloodstream, the parasite multiplies in red cells and can trigger anemia, fever, and reduced performance. Ticks…
Understanding Salmonella typhimurium in Chickens Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a Gram negative bacterium that colonizes the intestines of chickens and other poultry. It is one of the most common Salmonella types detected in poultry production and an important cause of foodborne illness in humans. Infected birds shed large numbers…
Understanding Cryptosporidium parvum in Calves Cryptosporidium parvum is a protozoan parasite that infects the intestines of young calves. It’s a leading cause of neonatal calf diarrhea. Infected calves shed huge numbers of oocysts in their feces, quickly contaminating pens, feeders, and water sources. These oocysts are extremely resilient resistant to…
Understanding cTnI in Canine Cardiology Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) is a protein found inside dog heart muscle cells that helps regulate contraction. Because it is specific to the heart, any injury to the heart muscle from disease, inflammation or trauma causes cTnI to leak into the bloodstream. In simple terms,…









