Bovine coronavirus is an enveloped RNA virus that causes enteric disease in young calves and is a well established cause of winter dysentery in adult cattle. It has also been associated with respiratory disease within the bovine respiratory disease complex. How cattle become infected BCoV spreads through feces and…
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that can weaken immune defenses over time. Many cats appear normal for years, but immune suppression can increase the risk of chronic oral disease, recurrent infections, and some cancers, so risk awareness and timely testing matter. What is FIV and why…
Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus of cats that can cause immune suppression, anemia, and lymphoma. Many cats have no obvious signs early, so routine testing and prevention are key in shelters, multi cat homes, and for cats with outdoor exposure. What is FeLV and why does it…
What it is? EAV is the virus behind equine viral arteritis (EVA). In many horses it can look like a routine “barn cold”-a few days of fever and runny noses-and then it’s gone. The catch is breeding: sexually mature stallions can become long-term shedders, passing the virus in semen even…
Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is an emerging DNA virus (Iridoviridae) that can cause sudden, severe losses in shrimp farming. It is a WOAH-listed aquatic animal disease, so it matters for surveillance, reporting, and trade. Hosts and why it matters DIV1 has been reported in several decapods, including whiteleg…
Equine influenza is one of the fastest-spreading infectious diseases in horses. In a busy yard or at an event, H3N8 can move through a susceptible group in days, forcing movement restrictions and disrupting training and competition plans. WOAH notes an incubation period typically around 1-3 days, and once introduced into…
What Is Red Seabream Iridovirus? Red seabream iridoviral disease (RSIVD) is caused by red seabream iridovirus (RSIV), a double-stranded DNA virus in the genus Megalocytivirus within the family Iridoviridae. RSIV is a major cause of mortality in farmed red seabream (Pagrus major) and has been reported in many other marine…
Understanding Cortisol in Dogs Cortisol is a steroid hormone made by the adrenal glands. In normal dogs it supports blood pressure, energy balance, and the body’s response to inflammation. Cortisol also rises during stress, pain, and illness, which is why values can increase during travel, restraint, or a clinic visit.…
Overview The thyroid gland helps control a dog’s metabolic pace. It produces thyroxine (T4), which influences energy, weight, skin and coat quality, and body temperature. The pituitary gland releases thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to tell the thyroid how hard to work. When thyroid hormone drops, TSH often rises as the body…
Trichomonas foetus is a microscopic protozoan parasite that can affect different species in different ways. In cattle, it is best known for reducing reproductive performance through early pregnancy loss and infertility. In cats, it is an important cause of chronic large-bowel diarrhea, particularly in young animals and multi-cat environments. Because…









