Aquaculture continues to play an increasingly important role in global food production, livelihoods, and economic development. At the same time, expanding production systems face evolving disease threats, environmental pressures, and new biosecurity challenges. In August 2026, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) highlighted several priorities for strengthening aquatic animal…
Why Can Feline Diarrhea Be Difficult to Investigate? A single episode of diarrhea may follow a dietary change or stress, but persistent or recurrent gastrointestinal signs can have many possible causes. Infectious gastrointestinal disease in cats may involve viruses, bacteria, or protozoal parasites. Cornell notes that prolonged diarrhea, particularly when…
Why Do Cats Develop Respiratory Disease? Sneezing once or twice may not seem unusual, but persistent sneezing, nasal discharge, watery eyes, conjunctivitis, fever, or reduced appetite can indicate respiratory disease. The term feline respiratory disease complex describes respiratory illness that may involve several viral and bacterial agents. Feline herpesvirus type…
When a Cough Is More Than Just a Cough Coughing, nasal discharge, sneezing, reduced activity, or changes in breathing can occur with several canine respiratory conditions. The challenge is that different infectious agents may cause very similar clinical signs, and more than one organism may sometimes be involved. Canine infectious…
Pregnancy in dogs and cats is not always obvious during its early stages. Changes in appetite, behavior, body weight, or abdominal size may develop as pregnancy progresses, but these observations alone cannot reliably confirm pregnancy. Relaxin is a hormone produced primarily by placental tissue during pregnancy. In dogs and cats,…
Why Are Skin Problems So Common in Cats and Dogs? Itching, hair loss, redness, scaling, crusting, and skin lesions are among the signs that frequently bring cats and dogs to veterinary clinics. However, similar-looking skin problems can have very different causes, ranging from allergies and parasites to bacterial and fungal…
Insulin is a major metabolic hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas. One of its most important roles is helping regulate blood glucose by coordinating how glucose is used and stored throughout the body. Because insulin secretion is closely linked to blood glucose concentration, measuring insulin can provide…
Newcastle Disease (ND) is a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic poultry and many other bird species. Depending on the virulence of the virus and the susceptibility of the affected birds, outbreaks may cause severe disease and considerable losses in poultry populations. Chickens are particularly susceptible to severe forms of…
What Is Canine Leishmaniosis? Canine leishmaniosis is a vector-borne disease primarily associated with Leishmania infantum, a protozoan parasite transmitted mainly through the bites of infected phlebotomine sand flies. Dogs are particularly important hosts for L. infantum, and infection may remain clinically silent for a period of time or develop into…
Knowing whether a bovine is pregnant is an important part of reproductive management. Pregnancy information can help veterinarians and livestock professionals make informed decisions regarding breeding programs, herd management, and follow-up examinations. What Are Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins? Pregnancy-Associated Glycoproteins (PAGs) are proteins associated with pregnancy in cattle and are produced by…









